The Origin of Dirt Cones on Glaciers

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Abstract
The characteristics and probable development of dirt cones on Vatnajökull (Iceland) are described. Thick accumulations of debris protect the ice beneath them from ablation, whereas thin ones accelerate the process. Under given conditions of ablation, the nature of the debris covering is the deciding factor—in particular its radiation absorption coefficient, conductivity and thickness. Contrasts are noted between the dirt cones of Vatnajökull and those of other glaciers. The nature of the debris and of the ablation varies greatly from place to place, but all dirt cones result from differential ablation.

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