The relationship between resting heart rate and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality

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Abstract
The association between resting heart rate and changes in heart rate with all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality was studied among 1827 men and 2929 women, aged 40–80 years, followed for 12 years. After adjustment for initial age, serum cholesterol, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, smoking and diabetes, the all-cause mortality hazard ratio was 1·7 (95% confidence interval 1·4–2·2) for heart rate increments of 20 beats.min−1 for men and 1·4 (confidence interval 1·1–1·8) for women. For cardiovascular mortality, the risk estimates were 1·7 (confidence interval 1·2–2·6) for men and 1·3 (confidence interval 0·9–2·0) for women. We observed no significant association between heart rate and cancer mortality. For women, stronger predictive information for all-cause mortality was provided if changes in heart rate were evident at the 2-year review. The resting heart rate is a predictor of mortality, independent of major cardiovascular risk factors.

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