Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome

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Abstract
Let There Be Life: The DNA sequence information from thousands of genomes is stored digitally as ones and zeros in computer memory. Now, Gibson et al. (p. 52 , published online 20 May; see the cover; see the Policy Forum by Cho and Relman ) have brought together technologies from the past 15 years to start from digital information on the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides to chemically synthesize the genomic DNA as segments that could then be assembled in yeast and transplanted into the cytoplasm of another organism. A number of methods were also incorporated to facilitate testing and error correction of the synthetic genome segments. The transplanted genome became established in the recipient cell, replacing the recipient genome, which was lost from the cell. The reconstituted cells were able to replicate and form colonies, providing a proof-of-principle for future developments in synthetic biology.