Diminished Diarrheal Response to Vibrio cholerae Strains Carrying the Replicative Form of the CTXΦ Genome instead of CTXΦ Lysogens in Adult Rabbits

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Abstract
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains are lysogens of CTXΦ, a filamentous bacteriophage which encodes cholera toxin (CT). Following infection of recipient V. cholerae cells by CTXΦ, the phage genome either integrates into the host chromosome at a specific attachment site ( att RS) or exists as a replicative-form (RF) plasmid. We infected naturally occurring att RS-negative nontoxigenic V. cholerae or attenuated (CTX − att RS negative) derivatives of wild-type toxigenic strains with CTXΦ and examined the diarrheagenic potential of the strains carrying the RF of the CTXΦ genome using the adult rabbit diarrhea model. Under laboratory conditions, strains carrying the RF of CTXΦ produced more CT than corresponding lysogens as assayed by a G M1 -based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by fluid accumulation in ligated ileal loops of rabbits. However, when tested for diarrhea in rabbits, the att RS-negative strains (which carried the CTXΦ genome as the RF) were either negative or produced mild diarrhea, whereas the att RS-positive strains with integrated CTXΦ produced severe fatal diarrhea. Analysis of the strains after intestinal passage showed that the att RS-negative strains lost the phage genome at approximately a fivefold higher frequency than under in vitro conditions, and 75 to 90% of cells recovered from challenged rabbits after 24 h were CT negative. These results suggested that strains carrying the RF of CTXΦ are unable to cause severe disease due to rapid loss of the phage in vivo, and the gastrointestinal environment thus provides selection of toxigenic strains with an integrated CTXΦ genome. These results may have implications for the development of live V. cholerae vaccine candidates impaired in chromosomal integration of CTXΦ. These findings may also contribute to understanding of the etiology of diarrhea occasionally associated with nontoxigenic V. cholerae strains.