ETFs, Arbitrage, and Contagion

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Abstract
Due to their low trading costs, ETFs are potentially a catalyst for short-horizon liquidity traders. The liquidity shocks can propagate to the underlying securities through the arbitrage channel, and ETFs may increase the non-fundamental volatility of the securities in their baskets. We exploit exogenous changes in index membership and find that stocks with higher ETF ownership display significantly higher volatility. ETF ownership increases the negative autocorrelation in stock prices. The increase in volatility appears to introduce undiversifiable risk in prices, because stocks with high ETF ownership earn a significant risk premium of up to 56 basis points monthly.