Precise determination of refractive-index changes in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides

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Abstract
A new method for determining refractive‐index changes in Ti‐diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides is reported. The measurement process was as follows: (1) Diffusion profiles and Ti concentrations in LiNbO3 optical waveguides were measured by an x‐ray microanalyzer. (2) Ti concentrations in the samples were converted into refractive‐index changes using calibration curves which gave the relation between Ti concentrations and refractive‐index changes. The calibration curves were obtained from highly Ti‐diffused LiNbO3 samples, as well as Ti‐doped LiNbO3 single crystals. As an example, the maximum refractive‐index changes of a Ti‐diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide made at 1000 °C for 10 h were determined to be Δne=1.05×10−2 and Δno=7.7×10−3.

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