Establishment and Maintenance of the Innate Antiviral Response to West Nile Virus Involves both RIG-I and MDA5 Signaling through IPS-1

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Abstract
RIG-I and MDA5, two related pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), are known to be required for sensing various RNA viruses. Here we investigated the roles that RIG-I and MDA5 play in eliciting the antiviral response to West Nile virus (WNV). Functional genomics analysis of WNV-infected fibroblasts from wild-type mice and RIG-I null mice revealed that the normal antiviral response to this virus occurs in two distinct waves. The initial response to WNV resulted in the expression of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 target genes and IFN-stimulated genes, including several subtypes of alpha IFN. Subsequently, a second phase of IFN-dependent antiviral gene expression occurred very late in infection. In cells lacking RIG-I, both the initial and the secondary responses to WNV were delayed, indicating that RIG-I plays a critical role in initiating innate immunity against WNV. However, another PRR(s) was able to trigger a response to WNV in the absence of RIG-I. Disruption of both MDA5 and RIG-I pathways abrogated activation of the antiviral response to WNV, suggesting that MDA5 is involved in the host's defense against WNV infection. In addition, ablation of the function of IPS-1, an essential RIG-I and MDA5 adaptor molecule, completely disabled the innate antiviral response to WNV. Our data indicate that RIG-I and MDA5 are responsible for triggering downstream gene expression in response to WNV infection by signaling through IPS-1. We propose a model in which RIG-I and MDA5 operate cooperatively to establish an antiviral state and mediate an IFN amplification loop that supports immune effector gene expression during WNV infection.