Inducible expression of filaggrin increases keratinocyte susceptibility to apoptotic cell death

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Abstract
Filaggrin is an intermediate filament associated protein that aids the packing of keratin filaments during terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Premature aggregation of keratin filaments is prevented by filaggrin expression as the inactive precursor, profilaggrin, which is localized in keratohyalin granules in vivo. We have previously shown that filaggrin constructs, when transiently transfected into epithelial cells, lead to a collapsed keratin cytoskeletal network and dysmorphic nuclei with features of apoptosis. The apparent transfection rate is low with filaggrin constructs, supporting their disruptive role but hindering further study. To bypass this problem, we generated stable keratinocyte cell lines that express mature human filaggrin using a tetracycline-inducible promoter system. We found that cell lines expressing filaggrin, but not control cell lines, exhibited increased sensitivity to multiple apoptotic stimuli as measured by morphologic and biochemical criteria. None of the cell lines showed an increase in endogenous expression of filaggrin in response to the same stimuli. Filaggrin expression alone was insufficient to induce apoptosis in these keratinocyte cell lines. We conclude that filaggrin, due to its keratin binding ability, primes cells for apoptosis. Because filaggrin is expressed at a level of the epidermis where keratinocytes are in transition between the nucleated granular and the anucleate cornified layers, we hypothesize that filaggrin aids in the terminal differentiation process by facilitating apoptotic machinery. Cell Death and Differentiation (2000) 7, 566–573