The Need for Multisensory Interfaces in Support of Effective Attention Allocation in Highly Dynamic Event-Driven Domains: The Case of Cockpit Automation

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Abstract
In a variety of domains, automation technology has evolved from passive tools to highly autonomous agents that can initiate actions independent of user input and without explicit operator consent. This evolution brings with it an increased need for effective human-automation communication and coordination to ensure that both agents stay informed about each others' goals, activities, and limitations. Yet, most modern systems are not equipped with the skills required to contribute effectively and in a timely manner to the exchange of information on commitments and actions. In particular, systems fail to provide external attentional guidance to their operators in the case of uncommanded changes and events, which can lead to automation surprises and, sometimes, incidents and accidents. To a large extent, these problems can be explained by designers' increasing reliance on automation feedback that requires focal visual attention. This article explores the potential of multisensory displays to better support at...

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