Color-Vision Defects in American School Children

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Abstract
A study of color-vision using Ishihara plates and the pseudoisochromatic plates designed by Hardy, Rand, and Rittler (HRR) was made of 10,341 students in all grades in an American school district. The tests were compared and the Ishihara plates were found more accurate for detecting defects, and the HRR more apt to give problems in interpreting results for borderline situations. The HRR was found more useful in classifying the type of red-green color-vision defect present in severely affected cases and for detection of defects in perception involving blues and yellows. Among the 5,263 boys, 6.2% had a defect, and 0.55% of the 5,078 girls had a defect. An unexpected ancillary finding was the lack of student, parental, and teacher recognition of the presence of color-perception problems in a majority of those identified.

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