Hydrogen-ion Toxicity on Citrus1

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Abstract
Young ‘Rough’ lemon seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions adjusted to pH 4. 5, and 6 with three mineral acids. The sources of H+ were HNO3, H2SO4, and H3PO4. All plants produced healthy new leaves but growth was markedly reduced at pH 4. New roots were short and thickened at pH 4 and less dry matter was produced. At pH 5, the roots were less elongated than at pH 6 but plant weight was unaffected. All three acids produced similar effects, indicating that the source of H+ was not important. Reduction in growth was associated with excess H+ and abnormal root development.

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