Prosthetic Heart Valves

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Abstract
Since the 1950s more than 80 models of prosthetic heart valves have been developed and used. More than 60,000 valve replacements are performed annually in the United States. Prosthetic heart valves may be mechanical or bioprosthetic. Mechanical valves, which are composed primarily of metal or carbon alloys, are classified according to their structure as caged-ball, single-tilting-disk, or bileaflet-tilting-disk valves. Bioprostheses may be heterografts, which are composed of porcine or bovine tissue (pericardial or valvular) mounted on a metal support, or homografts, which are preserved human aortic valves. The most commonly used prosthetic valves are listed in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 1. . . .