Heat Currents in Liquid Helium II: Temperature and Velocity Fields in Large Channels

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Abstract
A detailed study of the distribution of normal fluid velocity and temperature in a large channel has been made. For very low heat input, the normal fluid velocity is constant along the flow direction, in agreement with the linear theory of the two-fluid model. However, for large heat input values, anomalous distributions with large gradients confined to restricted space regions are observed both for the velocity and the temperature. The transition between the two flow regimes is seen to correspond to a critical superfluid velocity which is temperature-independent in the range 0.88-1.92°K. The supercritical flow is then interpreted as due to the presence of vorticity in the superfluid.

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