Biological Activities of the Nortropane Alkaloid, Calystegine B2, and Analogs: Structure−Function Relationships

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Abstract
Calystegines, polyhydroxy nortropane alkaloids, are a recently discovered group of plant secondary metabolites believed to influence rhizosphere ecology as nutritional sources for soil microorganisms and as glycosidase inhibitors. Evidence is presented that calystegines mediate nutritional relationships under natural conditions and that their biological activities are closely correlated with their chemical structures and stereochemistry. Assays using synthetic (+)- and (−)-enantiomers of calystegine B2 established that catabolism by Rhizobium meliloti, glycosidase inhibition, and allelopathic activities were uniquely associated with the natural, (+)-enantiomer. Furthermore, the N-methyl derivative of calystegine B2 was not catabolized by R. meliloti, and it inhibited α-galactosidase, but not β-glucosidase, whereas the parent alkaloid inhibits both enzymes. This N-methyl analog therefore could serve to construct a cellular or animal model for Fabry's disease, which is caused by a lack of α-galactosidase activity.