Effect of defoliation by checkerspot caterpillars (Euphydryas phaeton) and sawfly larvae (Macrophya nigra and Tenthredo grandis) on their host plants (Chelone spp.)

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Abstract
The effect of defoliation by herbivores, checkerspot caterpillars (Euphydryas phaeton) and sawfly larvae (Macrophya nigra and Tenthredo grandis), on the reproductive output of turtlehead (Chelone spp.) was examined. Defoliation prior to development of flower buds reduced the number of reproductive stalks, flower buds, flowers and seed capsules. Severe herbivory, after flower buds appeared, decreased the final number of seed capsules and seeds per capsule. The availability of the host plants to the herbivores was a function of prior defoliation and environmental conditions. Sawfly larvae, by defoliating the plants in midsummer, forced prediapause checkerspot caterpillars to wander in search of food plants. Decimation of these perenials by postdiapause checkerspot caterpillars in a dry spring retarded growth of turtlehead and, consequently, most of the plants were not available for egg-laying by sawflies and checkerspots.