Vocal Cord Paralysis Caused by Esophageal Cancer Surgery

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Abstract
Esophageal cancer surgery was the cause of paralysis in 111 (16.7%) of 664 patients with vocal cord paralysis seen from 1981 to 1990 at Kurume University Hospital. Eighty-six patients had unilateral paralysis, whereas 25 had bilateral lesions. Of the 111, 95 (86%) had hoarseness and 59 (53%) had aspiration. The crude survival rate was 63% for 1-year, 32% for 3-year, and 22% for 5-year follow-up. The average life expectancy was short. The general condition was poor in many patients. Thirty-four of the 136 paralytic vocal cords (25%) recovered mobility. An intracordal silicone injection was done in 30 patients, and a medialization procedure was performed in 1. The vocal function was improved in the majority of cases. In 4 patients, severe aspiration persisted following intracordal injection. Of the 4, 1 had cricopharyngeal myotomy and laryngeal suspension and 2 underwent total laryngectomy. The fourth patient died of aspiration pneumonia. The results of the review of the 111 patients have led us to the following treatment policy for patients with vocal cord paralysis caused by esophageal cancer surgery. When the patient has aspiration, vocal cord medialization should be performed as early as possible. If severe aspiration persists even after the medialization procedure, some additional intervention, including cricopharyngeal myotomy, laryngeal suspension, laryngotracheal separation, or total laryngectomy, should be considered. When hoarseness is the only major problem, the prognosis of vocal cord paralysis should be determined on the basis of the state of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and, if available, electromyography findings. Vocal cord medialization is indicated for patients with a poor prognosis for paralysis, and also for those patients whose life expectancy is short.