Cloud Timescales and Orographic Precipitation

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Abstract
Orographic precipitation is studied by analyzing the sensitivity of numerical simulations to variations in mountain height, width, and wind speed. The emphasis is on upslope lifting over isolated mountains in cold climates. An attempt is made to capture the essential steady-state volume-averaged cloud physics in a pair of coupled nonlinear algebraic equations. To do this, single-pathway snow formation models are analyzed with both linear and nonlinear accretion formulations. The linear model suggests that the precipitation efficiency is determined by three timescales—the advection timescale (τa), fallout timescale (τf), and a constant timescale for snow generation (τcs). Snow generation is controlled by the ratio of τcs/τa and the fraction of the snow that falls to the ground is controlled by the ratio of τf/τa. Nonlinear terms, representing accretion, reduce the utility of the timescale concept by introducing a threshold or “bifurcation” point, that is, a critical condensation rate that separate...