Influence of food on the cold-hardiness of Megachile rotundata (F.)

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Abstract
Feeding stages of M. rotundata, because of the presence of food in their digestive tract, were less cold-hardy than non-feeding stages. Freezing temperatures of adults fed with clean honey were closely related to the amount of food consumed, whereas those of adults feeding on honey contaminated with high concentrations of ice nucleators were consistently high. The level of cold-hardiness in the species is related to the condition of the alimentary tract and the number of nucleators present.

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