Lithium doping of semiconducting organic charge transport materials

We study the effects of lithium (Li) incorporation in the cathodes of organic light-emitting devices. A thermally evaporated surface layer of metallic Li is found to diffuse through, and subsequently dope, the electron transporting organic semiconducting thin films immediately below the cathode, forming an Ohmic contact. A diffusion length of ∼700 Å is inferred from analyses of the current–voltage and secondary ion mass spectrometry data. The conductivity of the Li-doped organic films is ${\text{∼3×10}}^{\text{−5}} \mathrm{S/cm}.$ Photoemission spectroscopy suggests that Li lowers the barrier to injection at the organic/cathode interface, introduces gap states in the bulk of the organic semiconductor, and dopes the bulk to facilitate efficient charge transport.