Microsecond‐long flash photography of laser‐induced ablation of biliary and urinary calculi

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Abstract
High-speed flash photographs of laser-induced fragmentation of biliary and renal calculi under water were obtained using one-microsecond-long dye-laser pulses for both illumination and ablation. The photographs show the presence of a bubble with irregularities on the surface that suggest the early presence of debris or microbubbles. Fragmentation occurs before the bubble collapses, suggesting that fragmentation is due to laser-induced acoustic transients rather than to collapse of a laser-induced cavitation bubble.