Anin vitro andin vivo analysis of anodized tantalum capacitive electrodes: Corrosion response, physiology, and histology

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Abstract
Oxidation–reduction reactions which can destroy high current‐density metalstimulating electrodes are avoided when using capacitive electrodes. The results of in vitro and in vivo testing of anodized, high surface area, sintered tantalum electrodes are presented. The corrosion response of the electrodes is excellent; there is no evidence of dissolution of the electrode. A deposit forms on the surface of the electrodes, but has little effect on the voltage response to constant current stimulation. The physiological and histopathological results indicate the capacitive tantalum electrode to be the safest yet tested.