Theoretical study of the structure and optical properties of carbon-doped rutile and anatase titanium oxides

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Abstract
The structure and optical properties of carbon-doped titanium oxides, TiO 2 , in the rutile and anatase forms have been investigated theoretically from first principles. Two possible doping sites were studied, carbon at an oxygen site (anion doping) and carbon at a titanium site (cation doping). The calculated structures suggest that cation-doped carbon atoms form a carbonate-type structure, whereas anion-doped carbon atoms do not invoke any significant structural change. A density-of-states analysis revealed three in-gap impurity states for anion doping. The optical properties of anion-doped cells qualitatively agree with the experimentally reported visible-light absorbance values. We ascribe part of the absorption to transitions from the valence band to one of the impurity states. These transitions should be able to promote photocatalytic reactions, because electron holes in the valence band are considered to be crucial for this process. Neither in-gap impurity states nor visible-light absorbance were observed in the case of cation doping. The effect of oxygen vacancies was also investigated. Introduction of oxygen vacancies into anion-doped TiO 2 populates the impurity states and thus suppresses photocatalysis. The interaction of a dopedcarbon atom with an oxygen vacancy at a finite spatial separation was also carried out. The possibility of either a carbon-oxygen vacancy pair or higher carbon-oxygen vacancy complex existing is discussed.