Comparison of in vitro digestive fluid extraction and traditional in vivo approaches as measures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability from sediments

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Abstract
The bioavailability of particle‐associated contaminants was measured by a new approach that employs the digestive fluid of deposit feeders to solubilize contaminants in vitro. The proportion of contaminant solubilized by digestive fluid of the polychaete Arenicola brasiliensis was considered a measure of bioavailability and was contrasted with other, more traditional measures (i.e., uptake clearance, bioaccumulation factor, and absorption efficiency). There was generally good agreement among the four methods on the relative bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene from six sandy sediments. Measures of phenanthrene bioavailability did not show strong correlations due to both a more limited data set and perhaps greater importance of uptake from the dissolved phase. The bioavailability of spiked polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) differed from that of equivalent in situ–contaminated PAH but not in a predictable and consistent manner. By direct measurement of PAH content of recently ingested sediments collected from the foregut, we were able to quantify the importance of particle‐selective feeding in increasing PAH content of ingested material relative to the bulk, ambient sediments. In most instances, the effect of selective feeding by A. brasiliensis was minimal, increasing PAH content of ingested material <20% above the ambient sediments. Absorption efficiencies of PAH during gut passage were determined by direct measurement of PAH concentration in sediments at various points along the digestive tract. Overall digestive absorption efficiencies were similar to the extent of in vitro solubilization by digestive fluids from the same sediments. These data suggest that extent of solubilization of sediment‐bound contaminants during gut passage is a critical constraint on uptake and that absorption efficiency, with respect to the solubilized fraction, approaches 100%.