The phylogenetic interrelationships of the higher taxa of apterygote hexapods

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Abstract
The phylogeny of the basal hexapods, the so‐called apterygote insects, was studied using parsimony analysis procedures. Most analyses took into account 47 characters mainly based on external morphology, and 19 taxa including 14 apterygote representatives, 3 pterygotes and also 2 distantly related myriapods were used as outgroups. The binary and multistate characters are discussed in detail and treated as unordered and equally weighted. Other analyses were performed using a second data set in which 28 characters, based on internal anatomy and already used in a previous work (Bitsch & Bitsch 1998), were added to the first data set. This second matrix was restricted to 12 terminal taxa, the same as those of our previous work. The results of the different analyses are generally congruent. They strongly support the monophyly of several orders (Protura, Collembola, Archaeognatha) and of two groupings (Ectognatha, Dicondylia). Three other assemblages (Ellipura, Diplura, Entognatha) appear as parsimonious phylogenetic hypotheses, but they are never supported by the cladistical analyses and are based on a very small number of autapomorphies; so, the monophyly of each of them is not firmly established. Archaeognatha appears as the sister group of the Dicondylia. The three unresolved representatives of the Zygentoma are found as the sister group of the Pterygota. The results are discussed in the light of current concepts in hexapod phylogeny.