Development of species identification in ducklings: VI. Specific embryonic experience required to maintain species-typical perception in Peking ducklings.

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Abstract
Highly specific responsiveness to the mallard maternal call at the species-typical repetition rate (around 4 notes/s) develops in the embryo in advance of auditory experience. If the embryo continues to be deprived of normally ocurring auditory experience (exposure to its own and/or sib vocalizations), the repetition-rate specificity is lost after hatching. The embryo must be exposed to the embryonic contact-contentment call at the normal rate of 4 notes/s to maintain the specific responsiveness to the maternal call at 4 notes/s after hatching. Exposure to other rates of the embryonic call neither maintains nor modifies the 4 notes/s specificity. The maintenace of seemingly innate postnatal behavioral development may be dependent upon a highly specific, normally occurring prior experience; it will not be maintained if only rather general (nonspecific) sensory-stimulative conditions prevail during ontogeny, as has been assumed in the past.

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