Extracellular Proteases in Atherosclerosis and Restenosis

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Abstract
Extracellular proteolysis plays a key role in many pathophysiologic processes including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Whereas matrix metalloproteinases are their best known member, many others are becoming better known. The extracellular proteases are a complex and heterogeneous superfamily of enzymes. They include metalloproteinases (matrix metalloproteinases, adamalysins, or pappalysins), serine proteases (elastase, coagulation factors, plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator), and the cysteine proteases (such cathepsins). In addition to their matrix degradation capabilities, they have other less well known biologic functions that include angiogenesis, growth factor bioavailability, cytokine modulation, receptor shedding, enhancing cell migration, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. This review discusses extracellular proteases relevant to the vasculature, their classification and function, and how ... Extracellular proteases are a complex and heterogeneous family of enzymes involved in many important biological functions. This review discusses the extracellular proteases relevant to the vasculature, their functions, and how protease disorders can contribute to plaque growth, including chronic atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, restenosis, and vascular remodeling.