Foods and diseases.

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Abstract
An examination was made of the statistical correlations between the main foodstuff and nutrient intakes and the chief causes of mortality in 20 different countries, comprising 17 in Europe, Canada, USA and Japan. Subsidiary examinations were made of the effects of including and excluding Japan, and of the effects of various statistical standardization procedures. Complex food patterns were identified and related both to geographical latitude and to levels of affluence; these, in turn, were related to complex patterns of mortality. Criteria for drawing special attention to specific associations were identified, based partly on statistical significance tests and also on strength-of-association yardsticks supplied by diseases with known causes. Findings suggesting causal interpretations were: alcohol intakes and cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of the mouth and carcer of the larynx; total fat intakes and multiple sclerosis, cancer of the large intestine and cancer of the breast; and beer and cancer of the rectum.