HLA‐DR, DQ nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in the Pasiegos (Pas valleys, Northern Spain) and comparison of the allelic and haplotypic frequencies with those of other European populations

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Abstract
In general, Northern Spain has remained geographically isolated from neighboring Spanish regions for centuries: steep mountains create small isolated and inbred population groups with their own characteristic cultures and unique gene pools. The Pasiego region forms an area of distinctive characteristics among the people living in Northern Spain, although the origin of the inhabitants of the Pas valleys (Pasiegos) is not clearly defined. We have studied the MHC class II alleles in a large sample of unrelated individuals living in the Pas valleys. Allelic and haplotypic frequencies, population distances and their corresponding dendrogram, using the N‐J method, were used to study the relationships between populations. The closest is observed between Pasiegos and Danes, followed by other European people in the following decreasing order: Poles, Germans, non‐Pasiego Cantabrians, Belgians, Basques, French, other Spaniards from Madrid, Italians, Finns, Croatians, Welsh, Ashkenazi Jews and other Mediterranean populations (Greeks, Hungarians, Sardinians and Bulgarians). Particular characteristic Northern European alleles are observed with high frequency in the Pasiegos and non‐Pasiego Cantabrians (DRB1*1501‐DQA1*0102‐DQB1*0602). The second most frequent three‐locus haplotype in both populations is DRB1*0701‐DQA1*0201‐DQB1*0201. These observations suggest an important mixture of alleles from geographically distinct areas. In conclusion, the Pasiegos are typical examples of isolated genetic pools in the Iberian Peninsula and allow one to suggest that what we call the “Pasiego cluster” can be considered, in many ways, as another example of the few deviant groups (e.g. Lapps, Basques and Sardinians) having preserved their genetic, social and ethnographic characteristics and, in some cases, their ancestral language.