Hydroxylapatite as an Alloplastic Graft in the Treatment of Human Periodontal Osseous Defects

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Abstract
Twelve patients, 32 to 60 years of age, received a polycrystalline ceramic form of pure dense hydroxylapatite as an alloplastic bone implant material in intrabony defects following reflection of full mucoperiosteal flaps, root planing and defect‐curettment. The defects were measured from an acrylic stent, using an endodontic silver point which was placed to the base of the defect. Similarly, debrided and curetted defects in the same patients were not implanted and served as controls. Recalls for documentation and plaque control were at 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and at 3, 6 and 9 months. Measurements relating to changes in defect‐depth were made upon reentry at 9 months.The twelve defects, serving as controls, showed very little difference between the pretherapy and 9‐month measurements. The initial mean measurement from the base of the defect to the highest alveolar crest was 4.27 mm and the 9‐month mean measurement after curettage only was 3.36 mm. In terms of resolution of the original defect this amounted to 19.49% reduction, but a 0.46‐mm mean loss in height of the alveolar crest provided an actual percentage fill of the original defect of 9.91%.Of sixteen experimental defects, the same initial mean measurement from the base of the defect to the highest alveolar crest was 5.18 mm and the 9‐month mean measurement after grafting was 2.43 mm. In terms of resolution of the original defect, this amounted to a 53.57% reduction, but in contradistinction to the curettage sites, a mean increase in height of the highest alveolar crest of 0.61 mm gave a true percentage fill of the original defect of 66.89%.At the 9‐month reentry, the implanted mass seemed to be partially “calcified” and was resistant to penetration with a probe or removal with a curette. The data and clinical impression strongly suggest that hydroxylapatite has a potential as an alloplastic implant with clinically apparent acceptance by the soft and hard tissues.