Expanding the family systems approach: Cultural, class, developmental and gender influences in drug abuse

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Abstract
The family systems approach to drug abuse has illuminated the dysfunctional family dynamics often associated with adolescent drug abuse. However, for adults with long histories of drug problems, the model is less compelling. Evidence suggests that cultural variations, social class differences, individual and family life cycle development, and gender influence the origins and continuance of long-term drug abuse. Examples are offered of how these factors shape the adult course of drug addiction. The authors suggest that clinicians learn the particular meanings of individuals' family ties, dependencies and living arrangements. In doing so, they will consider the broader context in which drug abuse occurs and will enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of their assessments and treatment strategies.

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