Seizure‐Associated Headache in Epilepsy

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Abstract
Summary: Purpose: Headache is often ignored as a symptom of epileptic seizures. The purpose of this prospective study was to analyze frequency, classification, and characteristics of seizure‐associated headache (SH) according to the criteria of the International Headache Society. Methods: Over a period of 15 months, 341 patients with epilepsy, consecutively evaluated at our outpatient clinic for SH, completed a standardized questionnaire. Results: Of the 341 epilepsy patients, 115 (34%) experienced SH with a pain intensity of 6.1 ± 1.6 (SD) on the visual analogue scale and a duration of 12.8 ± 15.7 (SD) h. Seizures were always accompanied by headache in 69 (60%) of these 115 patients. SH occurred in four (3%) of 115 patients only preictally, in 31 (27%) of 115 patients periictally, and in 80 (70%) of 115 patients only postictally. In the majority of the 115 patients (55.7%), SH could be classified as migraine headache, whereas in 36.5%, as tension‐type headache. The type of SH was not correlated with sex, an epilepsy syndrome, or a seizure type. Migraine‐like SH was significantly associated with a history of migraine (p < 0.001). In 20 (77%) of the 26 patients experiencing migraine‐like SH with a history of migraine, the phenomenology of migraine‐like SH and migraine attacks was identical. Conclusions: SH is a frequent, long‐lasting, and severe symptom of epileptic seizures, causing major impairment of daily living. A history of migraine significantly increases the risk for developing migraine‐like SH.