Pyogenic bacterial lower respiratory tract infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

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Abstract
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, bacterial lower respiratory tract infections are the most frequent respiratory diseases. They are frequently the first clinical manifestation of HIV infection.The incidence and severity of bacterial lower respiratory tract infections increase with the degree of immunosuppression. At the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage, the responsible bacteria and clinical presentation may be atypical. Bacterial pneumonia may be fatal, particularly in AIDS patients, and its occurrence is predictive of a reduced survival time.Pneumococcal vaccine is recommended in patients with a CD4 T‐lymphocyte count of >200 cells·mm−3and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in patients with a CD4 T‐lymphocyte count of −3. Unfortunately, such prophylaxis remains insufficiently prescribed and its protective effect is limited.Highly active antiretroviral treatment has dramatically reduced the incidence of lower respiratory tract infection due toPseudomonasaeruginosaand opportunistic bacteria. In contrast, successful highly active antiretroviral therapy slightly decreased the risk of bacterial pneumonia due to usual bacteria, even in patients on successful highly active antiretroviral therapy.