Pesticides and Bees 1

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Abstract
Alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata (F.), and alkali bees, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, are inherently more tolerant than honey bees, Apis mellifera L., to most insecticides. However, their greater surface-to-volume ratios cause them to be more susceptible to most field-weathered residues. Insecticides are minimally hazardous to all bees through nectar contamination, and to the alfalfa leafcutting bee via contamination of pollen-nectar stores and leaf pieces. Both acidifiers and acaricides can increase the hazard of insecticide combinations to all three species of bees. Most herbicides and all fungicides are essentially nontoxic to bees. Wild bees often exhibit different poisoning symptoms than honey bees. This is especially notable with exposure to carbaryl.

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