A Short-Latency Labyrinthine Input to the Vestibular Nuclei in the Pigeon

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Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the pigeon labyrinth evokes responses in many second-order vestibular neurons with a latency shorter than the monosynaptic delay. These early responses are probably due to electrically mediated synaptic transmission, or perhaps to antidromic invasion of cells supplying efferent fibers to the labyrinth. In either case the results demonstrate a difference between cat and pigeon with respect to connections between labyrinth and vestibular nuclei.