Late Quaternary Vegetational Change in the Kotzebue Sound Area, Northwestern Alaska

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Abstract
Two sediment cores from Kaiyak and Squirrel lakes in northwestern Alaska yielded pollen records that date to ca. 39,000 and 27,000 yr B.P., respectively. Between 39,000 and 14,000 yr B.P., the vegetation around these lakes was dominated by Gramineae and Cyperaceae with someSalixand possiblyBetula nana/glandulosaforming a local, shrub component of the vegetation.Betulapollen percentages increased about 14,000 yr B.P., indicating the presence of a birchdominated shrub tundra.Alnuspollen appeared at both sites between 9000 and 8000 yr B.P., andPiceapollen (mostlyP. mariana) arrived at Squirrel Lake about 5000 yr B.P. The current foresttundra mosaic around Squirrel Lake was established at this time, whereas shrub tundra existed near Kaiyak Lake throughout the Holocene. When compared to other pollen records from north-western North America, these cores (1) represent a meadow component of lowland. Beringian tundra between 39,000 and 14,000 yr B.P., (2) demonstrate an early Holocene arrival ofAlnusin northwestern Alaska that predates most otherAlnushorizons in northern Alaska or northwestern Canada, and (3) show an east-to-west migration ofPiceaacross northern Alaska from 9000 to 5000 yr B.P.