P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 therapy ameliorates established collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice partly through the suppression of tumour necrosis factor

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Abstract
SUMMARY: We investigated the therapeutic potential of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)-1 in established collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice. PSGL-1 is the high-affinity specific ligand for P-selectin and is thus important in cell recruitment to inflammatory sites. I-316 PSGL-1 or rPSGL-1Ig fusion protein were administered to mice after the onset of clinical arthritis for 10 days, and the effect of treatment on both clinical and histopathological progression of disease was studied. It was found that both PSGL-1 biologicals effectively suppressed progression of clinical arthritis, and this was accompanied by protection against damage of joint tissues. We sought to investigate a mechanism underlying the effect of rPSGL-1Ig on the reduction of clinical arthritis. Blockade of PSGL-1/P–selectin interaction blocks recruitment of leucocytes, thus we observed a notable reduction in viable cell numbers of synoviocytes from rPSGL-1Ig treated mice. In view of this finding we suspected an effect of treatment on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as bioactive tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) in synovial membrane ex vivo cell cultures. Production of TNF was reduced in arthritic mice that had been treated with rPSGL-1Ig. To further investigate the mechanism of rPSGL-1Ig, we explored the possibility that PSGL-1 might also have a direct signalling effect on TNF release from inflammatory cells. Thus synoviocyte cultures from arthritic mice were incubated with rPSGL-1Ig. A significant reduction in the spontaneous bioactive TNF release from these cultures was noted. We therefore confirmed these surprising findings using cultures of a mouse macrophage like cell line RAW 264·7, stimulated by LPS. Our results indicate that both forms of PSGL-1 have significant therapeutic effects in CIA murine model of RA. The mechanism of action involves reduced cellularity of synovium as anticipated, along with a reduction in TNF production from inflammatory cells in the synovium. The latter mechanism needs further mechanistic analysis.