Potato oxysterol binding protein and cathepsin B are rapidly up‐regulated in independent defence pathways that distinguish R gene‐mediated and field resistances to Phytophthora infestans

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Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to isolate the genes which are specifically up‐regulated in the biotrophic phase of the incompatible interaction between a potato genotype, 1512 c(16), containing the resistance gene R2, and a Phytophthora infestans isolate containing the avirulence gene Avr2. Eight cDNAs were up‐regulated in the biotrophic phase of the incompatible interaction. Seven of these were also up‐regulated in the compatible interaction, but not until late in the necrotrophic phase. Amongst the sequences to be isolated were genes encoding the cysteine protease cathepsin B, StCathB, and an oxysterol binding protein, StOBP1; equivalent genes are involved in programmed cell death (PCD) processes in animals, but have yet to be implicated in such processes in plants. Whereas StOBP1 was up‐regulated early in potato plants containing either R gene‐mediated or moderate to high levels of field resistance, the highest levels of up‐regulation of StCathB were observed early in R gene‐mediated resistance but gradually increased from the early to late stages of field resistance, revealing these genes to be components of independent defence pathways and providing a means of distinguishing between these forms of resistance. StOBP1 was up‐regulated by oligogalacturonides (plant cell wall breakdown products generated by pectinase activities), indicating that it is also a component of a general, non‐specific defence pathway and is unlikely to play a role in PCD. In contrast, the expression of StCathB was unaffected by oligogalacturonide treatment, further associating its up‐regulation specifically with the gene‐for‐gene interaction.