Vascular changes and blood-brain barrier damage in the pathogenesis of polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (membranous lipodystrophy)

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Abstract
The histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings in eight patients with polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia and sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLO-SL) are described. This autosomally recessively inherited disease is first manifested by multiple bone cysts, which are later followed around the age of 30 by severe neuropsychiatric syndrome. The pathogenesis of PLO-SL has not been established, and the search for the most suspected error in lipid metabolism has been unsuccessful. The typical macroscopic features were marked hydrocephalus ex vacuo due to severe destruction of the white matter (WM) with extensive secondary astrocytic gliosis, and with relatively better preserved gray matter (GM). The basement membranes of blood vessels with plump endothelium were thickened and often multiplied, most prominently in the WM. Extravasation of plasma constituents was demonstrated immunohistochemically. On the basis of the vascular changes, also present in bone lesions, it is proposed that severe chronic vasogenic brain edema is the main pathogenetic mechanism of the severe leukoencephalopathy in this disease entity.