Second‐moment closure and its use in modelling turbulent industrial flows

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Abstract
Second‐moment turbulence models focus directly on the transport equations for the Reynolds stresses rather than supposing the stress and strain fields to be directly linked via an eddy viscosity. This elaboration enables the effects of complex strains and force fields on the turbulence structure to be better captured. The paper summarizes the principal modelling strategies adopted for the unknown processes in these equations and presents the forms that have been found most useful in engineering calculations. Methods adopted for overcoming significant problems of numerical instability and lack of convergence compared with eddy‐viscosity‐based schemes are also presented. Applications involving momentum and heat transfer in complex flows are drawn from the advanced technology sectors of the power generation and aircraft industries.