The Production of Potential Ice Nuclei by Gasoline Engines

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Abstract
Potential ice nuclei, particles which become ice nuclei when properly treated, are produced in automotive exhaust. They are activated by iodine vapor and are believed to be lead particles originating from the tetraethyl lead mixed with the fuel. The sensitivity of nucleation measurements provides an excellent method of counting submicron lead particles and monitoring the automotive component of air pollution. Measurements reported here show that the production of potential ice nuclei by a gasoline engine is at least 2 × 107 per gram Pb at −10C, 1 × 1010 per gram Pb at −15C and 1 × 1012 per gram Pb at −20C. Some simple calculations are presented, showing that large enough numbers of potential ice nuclei are produced by the routine burning of gasoline to be useful in cloud and weather modification research. In particular, a DC-6 aircraft burning 6 gal min−1 of gasoline should produce at least 4 × 1011 nuclei sec−1 at −20C. It is demonstrated that ethylene diiodide can be added to the gasoline supply of an automobile and that the automobile will then act as an inexpensive source of large numbers of ice nuclei.

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