X‐ray area detector based on CCD readout for diffraction study (abstract)

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Abstract
An x‐ray area detector based on charged coupled device (CCD) readout has been designed and constructed for diffraction studies. Incident x‐rays are converted to visible photons by a phosphor screen [Y2O2S or CsI(Na)] which is attached via fiber optic to the input surface of the demagnifying image intensifier with a 4:1 demagnification. The intensified visible image created on the output phosphor screen of the image intensifier is viewed through a 1:1 optical lens system by the cooled CCD (Thomson:THX31156) which has 1024×1024 pixels (pixel size: 19 μm×19 μm). The detector system should have the following characteristics: active area: 100 mm in diameter, spatial resolution: 0.1 mm×0.1 mm, detective quantum efficiency (DQE): about 70% for 8 keV, dynamic range: more than 104, readout time: 4 s. Nonuniformity of response due to the image intensifier is corrected by software. The CCD is cooled to −30° to −40° to reduce the dark current. The background noise level of the detector system corresponds to less than 10 x‐ray photons per pixel. Detailed hardware and software configuration and measured performance of the system will be described. The system will be applied to small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) and protein crystallography.

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