Hydrogenation of substituted phthalic anhydrides over palladium

Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of phthalic anhydride in ethyl acetate over 10% palladium–carbon gives o-toluic acid. Under similar conditions 3- and 4-substituted phthalic anhydrides give phthalides (8), and/or 2-(hydroxy-methyl)benzoic acids (7) in addition to o-toluic acids (9). Mechanisms of formation of these products are discussed.

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