Steady states of a column of shaken inelastic beads

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Abstract
We study dynamical properties of N inelastic beads shaken by a vibrating plane. These systems exhibit three kinds of steady states, depending on the inelasticity of the beads: a gas, a partially condensed phase, and a collapsed phase. In the one-dimensional case, we show that these phases are characterized by the parameter γ=N(1-η), where η is the restitution coefficient measuring the energy dissipation during the collisions. For γ