Frequency-Dependent Variation for Outcrossing Rate Among Flower-Color Morphs of Ipomoea purpurea

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Abstract
In a series of previous studies, it has been shown that populations of the common morning glory Ipomoea purpurea are typically polymorphic for flower-color genes that bias pollinator service and, hence, the rate of outcrossing. In this study, we show that the rate of outcrossing for the white flower-color morph depends on its frequency in experimental populations of the morning glory. White flowers are visited less often by the primary pollinator, bumblebees, and have lower outcrossing rates than colored flowers when they are in the minority. In contrast, blue or pink flower morphs are not undervisited and do not have lowered outcrossing rates when they are rare. In plant populations where genes that increase selfing are selectively favored due to their transmission bias, undervisitation of rare morphs may act to stabilize genetic variation for outcrossing rates.

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