Microscopic analysis of the Clausius-Duhem inequality

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  • 24 February 1998
Abstract
Given a general thermodynamic process which carries a system from one equilibrium state to another, we construct a quantity whose average, over an ensemble of microscopic realizations of the process, depends only on these end states, even if at intermediate times the system is out of equilibrium. This result leads directly to a statistical statement of the Clausius-Duhem inequality, and can be generalized to situations in which the system begins and/or ends in nonequilibrium states.

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