Review of Liquid Phases in Gas Chromatography, Part II: Applications

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Abstract
The literature is reviewed on the use of liquid phases for selective separations in gas chromatography. Methylsiloxanes separate compounds essentially by use of dispersion interactions; these separations approximate the boiling point of the compounds being analyzed. Poly(ethylene glycol) has the widest range of selective forces and can retain groups such as alcohols and carboxylic acids because of its hydrogen-bonding capability. Phenylsiloxanes, which rely on polarization to achieve separations, are excellent for organic compounds containing aromatic rings and heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Fluorosiloxanes have the unique capability of retaining carbonyl groups more than hydroxyl groups, which is useful for the separation of mixtures of oxygenated organic and halogenated compounds. Cyanosiloxanes retain olefins, aromatics, and compounds with dipole moments. Geometrical isomers and enantiomers can be separated using shape-selective stationary phases, cyclodextrins, stationary phases with liquid crystal or optically active functional groups, and molecular sieves 13x.

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