B cells extract and present immobilized antigen: implications for affinity discrimination

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Abstract
Binding of antigen to B‐cell antigen receptor (BCR) leads to antigen internalization and presentation to T cells, a critical process in the initiation of the humoral immune response. However, antigen internalization has been demonstrated for soluble antigen, in vivo antigen is often encountered in insoluble form or tethered to a cell surface. Here, we show that not only can B cells internalize and present large particulate antigen (requiring a signalling‐competent BCR to drive antigen uptake), but they can also extract antigen that is tethered tightly to a non‐internalizable surface. The form in which the antigen is displayed affects the B cell9s ability to discriminate antigen–BCR affinity. Thus, arraying an antigen on a particle or surface allows efficient presentation of low affinity antigens. However, the presentation efficiency of antigen arrayed on an internalizable particle plateaus at low affinity values. In contrast, extraction and presentation of antigen from a non‐internalizable surface depends on antigen–BCR affinity over a wide affinity range. The results have implications for understanding both the initiation and affinity maturation of the immune response.