Evidence that the 42- and 40-amino acid forms of amyloid β protein are generated from the β-amyloid precursor protein by different protease activities

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Abstract
Cerebral deposition of the amyloid β protein (Aβ) is an early and invariant feature of Alzheimer disease (AD). Whereas the 40-amino acid form of Aβ (Aβ 40 ) accounts for ≈90% of all Aβ normally released from cells, it appears to contribute only to later phases of the pathology. In contrast, the longer more amyloidogenic 42-residue form (Aβ 42 ), accounting for only ≈10% of secreted Aβ, is deposited in the earliest phase of AD and remains the major constituent of most amyloid plaques throughout the disease. Moreover, its levels have been shown to be increased in all known forms of early-onset familial AD. Thus, inhibition of Aβ 42 production is a prime therapeutic goal. The same protease, γ-secretase, is assumed to generate the C termini of both Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 . Herein, we analyze the effect of the compound MDL 28170, previously suggested to inhibit γ-secretase, on β-amyloid precursor protein processing. By immunoprecipitating conditioned medium of different cell lines with various Aβ 40 - and Aβ 42 -specific antibodies, we demonstrate a much stronger inhibition of the γ-secretase cleavage at residue 40 than of that at residue 42. These data suggest that different proteases generate the Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 C termini. Further, they raise the possibility of identifying compounds that do not interfere with general β-amyloid precursor protein metabolism, including Aβ 40 production, but specifically block the generation of the pathogenic Aβ 42 peptide.