Selective estrogen receptor modulators: tissue selectivity and differential uterine effects

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Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are compounds that bind to estrogen receptors and produce estrogen-like (agonist) effects in some tissues and estrogen-blocking (antagonist) effects in other tissues. One of the goals of SERM research has been to develop compounds that provide the potential benefits of estrogen in the skeleton and cardiovascular system, but avoid the negative effects of estrogen in other tissues. Estrogen therapy has been consistently associated with endometrial stimulation, including glandular proliferation, hyperplasia and cancer. In contrast, the presence or degree of endometrial stimulation observed with SERMs varies by compound. The purpose of this review is to differentiate the endometrial effects of compounds that display a SERM-like profile. Molecular mechanisms involving SERM binding to estrogen receptors, preclinical uterine effects in both tissue culture and animal models, and endometrial findings in clinical experience are discussed. There are several SERMs commercially available or in development. The favorable safety profile of raloxifene in the uterus differentiates it from the others. Future SERM development will continue to focus on finding compounds that exhibit minimal endometrial stimulation.