Elm as Deer Browse

Abstract
Sprouts and tops of American elm (Ulmus americana) were preferred woody deer browse on the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. More than 90 percent of the succulent sprouts and 2/3ds of the available twigs in the tops of trees felled in winter were utilized in the growing season after cutting. Elm was found to sprout vigorously from stumps, and from the boles of trees that were successfully hinged to the stumps. These results are in general contrast to reports in the literature on deer browse in which elm is listed as low in use.
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